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Sustainable Oilfield Chemistry – Aloe-Based Solutions by Aloetrade America LLC

green solutions for oilfield jobs

Sustainable Oilfield Chemistry – Aloe-Based Solutions by Aloetrade America LLC

About Aloetrade America LLC

Aloetrade America LLC specializes in green and sustainable oilfield chemical solutions derived from aloe vera and other natural resources. Our mission is to replace conventional, often toxic, chemicals in the oil & gas and petrochemical sectors with eco-friendly, biodegradable, and high-performance alternatives.

This catalog presents our full product portfolio, organized by category, with concise descriptions, packaging options, and key selling points.

Product Portfolio

1. Corrosion Inhibitors

NOCORGREEN™

Green aloe-based corrosion inhibitor.
Application: General use across oil & gas industry.
Key Points: Eco-friendly, biodegradable, effective in preventing corrosion.
Pricing Strategy: Pricing upon request.

NOCORGREEN WELL™

Corrosion inhibitor for downhole applications.
Application: Oil wells under high stress.
Key Points: Stable under high temperature and pressure.
Pricing Strategy: Pricing upon request.

NOCORGREEN SWEET™

Corrosion inhibitor for pipelines transporting sweet gas.
Key Points: Targeted for H₂S-free environments.
Pricing Strategy: Pricing upon request.

NOCORGREEN SOUR™

Corrosion inhibitor for sour gas pipelines.
Key Points: Effective against H₂S and CO₂ corrosion.
Pricing Strategy: Pricing upon request.

2. Scale Inhibitors

STOPSCALE™

Green aloe-based scale inhibitor.
Application: Prevention and mitigation of scaling in oil wells and fracking.
Pricing Strategy: Pricing upon request.

ALOETITAN™

Dual-purpose corrosion & scale inhibitor.
Application: General oil & gas and petrochemical use.
Pricing Strategy: Pricing upon request.

ALOETITAN HYDRO™

Specially designed for hydrostatic trials in tanks, pipelines, and valves.
Pricing Strategy: Pricing upon request.

3. Biocide & Bacterial Control

ALOECIDE™

Green aloe-based biocide supplement.
Application: Water treatment in oil & gas industry.
Key Points: Eliminates bacteria, eco-friendly.
Pricing Strategy: Pricing upon request.

4. Flow Improvers & Drag Reducers

ALOEFLOW HV™

Aloe-based flow improver for heavy crude oils.
Key Points: Enhances heavy oil transport efficiency.
Pricing Strategy: Pricing upon request.

ALOEFRICRED™

Friction reducer for fracking fluids.
Key Points: Reduces pumping pressure, increases efficiency.
Pricing Strategy: Pricing upon request.

DRAGALOE™

Drag reducing agent for light crude oils, refined products, and gas.
Key Points: Improves flow in pipelines, eco-friendly.
Pricing Strategy: Pricing upon request.

5. Hydraulic Fracturing Additives

ALOEGEL™

Aloe-based gelling agent for fracking fluids.
Key Points: Thickens water to suspend proppants.
Pricing Strategy: Pricing upon request.

ALOECUREFRAC™

Sustainable formulation for prevention and cure of fracture-related drilling fluid losses.
Key Points: Reduces fluid losses, enhances efficiency.
Pricing Strategy: Pricing upon request.

6. EOR (Enhanced Oil Recovery) Solutions

ALOERECOVER™

Aloe-based polymer for ASP (Alkaline-Surfactant-Polymer) EOR processes.
Key Points: Improves sweep efficiency and oil displacement.
Pricing Strategy: Pricing upon request.

7. Bioremediation & Environmental Solutions

SURFACTALOE GREEN™

Aloe-based biosurfactant.
Application: Soil bioremediation of oil spills and drilling mud treatment.
Pricing Strategy: Pricing upon request.

REMEDIALOE GREEN™

Aloe-based treatment agent.
Application: Soil bioremediation for oil spills, leaks, and discharges.
Pricing Strategy: Pricing upon request.

COAGREEN™

Aloe-based coagulant.
Application: Wastewater treatment.
Pricing Strategy: Pricing upon request.

FLOCGREEN™

Aloe-based flocculant.
Application: Wastewater treatment.
Pricing Strategy: Pricing upon request.

Comparison Table – Conventional vs Aloe-Based Solutions

Product Type	Conventional Chemicals	Aloe-Based Alternatives
Corrosion Inhibitors	Toxic, synthetic, high disposal costs	NOCORGREEN series – Eco-friendly, biodegradable
Scale Inhibitors	Phosphonate-based, harmful to environment	STOPSCALE, ALOETITAN – Green and safe
Friction Reducers	Polyacrylamides, non-biodegradable	ALOEFRICRED – Aloe-based, sustainable
Drag Reducing Agents	Synthetic polymers	DRAGALOE – Plant-based, eco-friendly
Gelling Agents	Guar gum, synthetic gels	ALOEGEL – Aloe-based, sustainable
Biocides	Formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde	ALOECIDE – Aloe-based, non-toxic
Flow Improvers	Synthetic flow improvers	ALOEFLOW HV – Green and effective
Bioremediation Agents	Chemical dispersants	SURFACTALOE, REMEDIALOE – Aloe biosurfactants
Water Treatment	Alum, synthetic polymers	COAGREEN, FLOCGREEN – Green water treatment agents

Comparison Table Conventional vs Plant Based Solutions

High Performance

Aloetrade America’s aloe-based oilfield solutions combine high-performance chemistry with sustainability. By adopting these products, operators can:

Lower operational risks.
Improve ESG compliance.
Reduce environmental footprint.
Enhance efficiency and performance in oilfield operations.

✅ All products available only in IBC totes (1000 L).

✅ Custom packaging upon request.

✅ Pricing Upon Request.

For more information please contact with us.

Revolutionizing California’s Lettuce Industry with Aloecoat: A Sustainable Post-Harvest Solution

aloecoat extends fresh produce shelf life

Revolutionizing California’s Lettuce Industry with Aloecoat: A Sustainable Post-Harvest Solution

California, often called the nation’s “salad bowl,” dominates U.S. lettuce production, supplying approximately 75% of the country’s lettuce and leafy greens, with an industry valued at $3.93 billion in 2023.

As the state’s fifth largest commodity, lettuce thrives in regions like the Central Coast, Central Valley, and southern deserts, but faces significant post-harvest challenges, including spoilage, physiological disorders, and handling inefficiencies, which contribute to up to 45% waste in leafy greens.

Aloecoat, a 100% natural, plant-based edible coating derived from aloe vera, offers a transformative solution to reduce lettuce waste, extend shelf life, and streamline industry operations.

This article explores the key characteristics of California’s lettuce production, supported by the latest statistics, and demonstrates how Aloecoat can elevate post-harvest management for growers and distributors.

Characteristics of Lettuce Production in California

Economic Significance and Production Volume
In 2023, California’s lettuce industry generated $3.93 billion in cash receipts, ranking it among the state’s top agricultural commodities. The state produces roughly 75% of U.S. lettuce, with Monterey County leading as the largest producer, followed by Imperial County. In 2022, Monterey County alone recorded $842 million in leaf lettuce production and $546 million in head (iceberg) lettuce, despite challenges like the Impatiens Necrotic Spot Virus (INSV), which reduced yields. However, high demand kept prices elevated, boosting overall value. In 2024, U.S. lettuce production (primarily from California) fell 6% from 2023 due to a 9% reduction in harvested acres in the state, reflecting pressures from regulatory costs and environmental factors.
Regional and Seasonal Diversity
California’s lettuce production is year-round, supported by three key regions with distinct growing seasons:
- Central Coast (Salinas Valley, Santa Maria/Oxnard): Contributes 75% of the state’s lettuce, active from April to November due to ideal temperatures (60s–70s°F daytime, 40s°F nighttime).
- Desert Region (Imperial and Riverside Counties): Produces 19% of lettuce, primarily from November to March, leveraging cooler winter conditions.
- Central Valley (Fresno, Kings, Kern Counties): Accounts for 6% of production, serving as a transitional region in spring and fall.
  These regions, including Monterey, San Benito, Santa Cruz, Santa Clara, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, Ventura, Fresno, Kings, Imperial, and Riverside counties, enable California to supply 85% of U.S. lettuce consumed domestically in 2022.
Climatic and Soil Requirements
Lettuce, a cool-season crop, thrives at daytime temperatures of 73°F and nighttime lows of 45°F, requiring loose, fertile, sandy-loam soils rich in organic matter. Drip irrigation and soil moisture monitoring are critical, especially amid California’s ongoing drought challenges. In 2023, sustainable practices like precision irrigation helped maintain yields despite water scarcity, but climate change continues to pose risks through heatwaves and wildfires.
Post-Harvest Challenges
Post-harvest losses remain a significant issue, with up to 45% of leafy greens lost due to:
- Physiological Disorders: Russet spotting, brown stain, and tipburn, caused by ethylene exposure, high CO2 levels, or temperature fluctuations, lead to discoloration and reduced marketability.
- Microbial Spoilage: Bacterial soft rot and fungal infections, such as Botrytis cinerea, cause decay during storage and transport, particularly under high humidity (95–100% RH).
- Moisture Loss: Lettuce’s high water content makes it prone to wilting and loss of crispness, especially in leaf varieties like romaine, reducing shelf life.
- Handling Damage: Rough handling during harvest, sorting, or packing causes bruising and shatter, further diminishing quality.
  These issues necessitate rapid cooling, controlled atmosphere storage (0–2°C, 95–100% RH), and careful handling to preserve quality, but inefficiencies persist, driving up waste and costs.
Environmental and Regulatory Pressures
Climate change, including heatwaves, droughts, and wildfires, threatens lettuce production, increasing water demands and pest pressures. Regulatory costs have surged, with compliance expenses rising 63.7% from 2017 to 2024, reaching $1,600 per acre—a 1,400% increase since 2006. Restrictions on pesticides like neonicotinoids and pyrethroids are projected to reduce lettuce production by 7.3%, costing producers $160.3 million and consumers $694.28 million annually. These regulations may shift production to Arizona or Mexico, increasing consumer prices due to transport costs. The industry is adopting sustainable practices, such as organic farming (with $11.8 billion in organic sales in 2023) and water-efficient irrigation, to meet environmental standards and consumer demand.
Labor-Intensive Operations
Lettuce production relies heavily on manual labor for planting, weeding, and harvesting, with Monterey County employing an estimated 41,000–50,000 farmworkers annually in 2021–2022. Post-harvest processes, including sorting, packing, and cooling, require precision to minimize damage. Delays in cooling or rough handling exacerbate waste, while rising labor costs and regulatory compliance add financial strain.

Aloecoat: Transforming Post-Harvest Lettuce Management

Aloecoat, a 100% natural, edible coating derived from aloe vera’s polysaccharides, enzymes, and bioactive compounds, forms a protective biofilm on lettuce, reducing respiration, perspiration, and microbial growth.

This innovative solution addresses California’s lettuce industry challenges, enhancing sustainability and profitability. Here’s how Aloecoat can make a difference:

Reducing Post-Harvest Waste
- Moisture Retention: Aloecoat’s polysaccharide-based coating minimizes moisture loss, preserving lettuce crispness and preventing wilting, particularly for high-water-content varieties like romaine and butterhead. This reduces losses from shriveling and maintains marketability.
- Microbial Control: Aloe vera’s anthraquinones (e.g., aloin) provide natural antimicrobial properties, inhibiting bacterial soft rot and fungal pathogens like Botrytis cinerea, reducing spoilage during storage and transport at 0–2°C.
- Physiological Disorder Prevention: By regulating ethylene exposure and stabilizing cellular integrity, Aloecoat mitigates disorders like russet spotting and tipburn, ensuring visual appeal and quality for retail markets.
Extending Shelf Life
Aloecoat slows lettuce respiration rates (10–20 ml CO2/kg·hr at 0°C) and ethylene production, extending shelf life under optimal storage conditions (0–2°C, 95–100% RH). This enables longer storage and transport periods, supporting California’s role as a global supplier of leafy greens, with exports contributing to the state’s $22.4 billion agricultural export market in 2023.
Enhancing Sustainability
As a biodegradable, non-toxic coating, Aloecoat aligns with California’s sustainability goals and consumer demand for clean-label products. It reduces reliance on synthetic chemical treatments, such as fungicides, and supports the state’s organic farming sector, which saw $11.8 billion in sales in 2023. By minimizing chemical inputs, Aloecoat enhances market competitiveness for organic and eco-friendly lettuce.
Improving Operational Efficiency
- Simplified Handling: Aloecoat’s application (via dipping or spraying) integrates seamlessly into existing packing lines, reducing labor-intensive sorting or trimming of damaged leaves.
- Cost Reduction: By minimizing waste (up to 45% in some cases), Aloecoat lowers losses from unsellable product and reduces equipment maintenance costs due to microbial buildup in storage systems.
- Market Advantage: High-quality, longer-lasting lettuce strengthens California’s position in domestic and international markets, supporting the $3.93 billion industry and boosting grower profitability.
Climate Resilience
Aloecoat helps mitigate climate-related challenges by protecting lettuce from heat-induced quality degradation and environmental stressors. Its antioxidant properties, derived from aloe vera’s phenolic compounds, preserve flavor, texture, and nutritional value, ensuring premium quality despite drought or heatwaves, which have impacted yields in 2023 and 2024.

The Future of California’s Lettuce Industry with Aloecoat

California’s lettuce industry, valued at $3.93 billion in 2023, faces a complex landscape of opportunities and challenges, from rising regulatory costs to climate pressures and post-harvest losses.

Aloecoat offers a cutting-edge solution, leveraging aloe vera’s natural properties to reduce waste, extend shelf life, and enhance operational efficiency.

By integrating Aloecoat into post-harvest protocols, growers can address spoilage, meet consumer demand for sustainable products, and maintain California’s leadership in the global leafy greens market.

At aloegel.biz, we are committed to advancing sustainable agriculture with innovative aloe-based solutions.

Contact us to discover how Aloecoat can elevate your lettuce production, minimize waste, and drive profitability in a competitive and evolving industry.

Optimizing California’s Grape Production with Aloecoat: A Sustainable Post-Harvest Solution

California is the heartbeat of the U.S. grape industry, producing approximately 94% of the nation’s grapes, including table grapes, wine grapes, and raisins.

Valued at over $5.5 billion in 2022, the state’s grape sector is a cornerstone of its agricultural economy, thriving in regions like the San Joaquin Valley, Kern, Tulare, Fresno, Napa, and Sonoma counties.

However, grape production faces challenges such as post-harvest losses, environmental pressures, and operational inefficiencies.

Innovative solutions like Aloecoat, a biodegradable aloe vera-based coating, offer transformative benefits to reduce fruit waste and enhance industry operations.

In this article, we explore the key characteristics of California’s grape production and how Aloecoat can revolutionize post-harvest management.Characteristics of Grape Production in California

Diverse Production and Economic Significance
California’s grape industry is diverse, encompassing table grapes, wine grapes, raisins, and grape-juice concentrates. In 2021, the state harvested 5.75 million short tons of grapes from 829,000 acres, with table grapes alone valued at $1.18 billion at $1,300 per short ton. The San Joaquin Valley dominates table grape and raisin production, while Napa and Sonoma are renowned for premium wine grapes. This diversity supports a robust economy, contributing tens of billions annually through direct sales and wine-related tourism.
Favorable Climate and Growing Conditions
California’s Mediterranean climate, with mild winters (3–40 inches of precipitation) and long, dry summers, is ideal for grape cultivation. The growing season extends from budbreak in March (San Joaquin Valley) or January–February (Coachella Valley) to harvest, typically from July to October, depending on the cultivar and region. However, challenges like heatwaves, drought, and wildfires, exacerbated by climate change, can stress vines and affect yield and quality.
Post-Harvest Challenges
Post-harvest quality is critical for table grapes, which are prized for high soluble solids concentration (SSC) of 14–17.5%, a SSC/titratable acidity (TA) ratio of 20 or higher, and vibrant color for red and black cultivars. Key issues include:
- Stem Browning and Water Loss: Water loss thresholds as low as 2.1% for Flame Seedless and 3.1% for Thompson Seedless cause stem browning, reducing marketability. Long cooling delays during mild weather exacerbate this issue.
- Gray Mold (Botrytis cinerea): This destructive post-harvest disease develops at low temperatures (31°F/-0.5°C), causing berry browning, skin loosening, and spoilage.
- Shatter: Berry detachment from cap stems increases with over-maturity, rough handling, and ethylene exposure (>10 ppm), leading to significant losses.
- Waterberry and Other Disorders: Associated with high nitrogen levels or canopy shading, waterberry causes watery, soft berries, requiring labor-intensive trimming. These challenges contribute to fruit waste, with losses from gray mold alone being a major concern for growers.
Sustainability and Climate Pressures
Climate change poses significant risks, including warming temperatures, extreme heat events, and wildfires, which cause smoke taint and economic losses (e.g., $4.2 billion in 2020 for the wine industry). Drought, a persistent issue, has driven adoption of drip irrigation and soil moisture monitoring to optimize water use. Growers are also embracing sustainable practices like organic and biodynamic farming to meet consumer demand and mitigate environmental impact.
Labor and Operational Dynamics
Grape production is labor-intensive, with workers facing heat-related risks during harvest. The industry relies on precise post-harvest handling, including prompt cooling, sulfur dioxide (SO2) fumigation, and controlled atmosphere storage (90–95% relative humidity, -1.0 to 0°C), to maintain quality. However, operational inefficiencies, such as delays in cooling or rough handling, increase waste and costs.

Aloecoat: A Game-Changer for Post-Harvest Grape Management

Aloecoat, a biodegradable coating derived from aloe vera’s polysaccharides, enzymes, and bioactive compounds, offers a sustainable solution to address post-harvest challenges in California’s grape industry.

By forming a protective, edible barrier on grape surfaces, Aloecoat enhances shelf life, reduces waste, and streamlines operations. Here’s how Aloecoat can transform post-harvest outcomes:

Reducing Fruit Waste
- Moisture Retention: Aloecoat’s moisture-retaining properties minimize water loss, preventing stem browning and shriveling. By maintaining berry firmness and reducing water loss below critical thresholds (e.g., 2.1% for Flame Seedless), Aloecoat ensures grapes remain visually appealing and marketable for longer.
- Botrytis Control: The coating’s antimicrobial properties, inhibit gray mold growth, reducing spoilage during storage and transport, even at low temperatures. This decreases reliance on SO2 fumigation, a common but chemical-intensive method.
- Shatter Reduction: Aloecoat strengthens berry attachment to cap stems by creating a protective layer, minimizing shatter caused by rough handling or ethylene exposure. This preserves cluster integrity, reducing losses from field to retail.
Extending Shelf Life
Aloecoat slows respiration and ethylene production, extending the market life of table grapes. With respiration rates of 1–2 ml CO2/kg·hr at 0°C, grapes coated with Aloecoat maintain freshness longer under recommended storage conditions (-1.0 to 0°C, 90–95% RH). This is particularly valuable for long-distance markets, where California grapes are shipped globally.
Enhancing Sustainability
As a biodegradable, non-toxic, and plant-based coating, Aloecoat aligns with California’s push for sustainable viticulture. Unlike synthetic coatings, it reduces environmental impact and meets consumer demand for clean-label products. By minimizing the need for chemical treatments like SO2, Aloecoat supports organic and biodynamic farming practices, enhancing market appeal.
Improving Operational Efficiency
- Streamlined Handling: Aloecoat’s ease of application (e.g., dipping or spraying) integrates seamlessly into existing packing lines, reducing labor-intensive processes like trimming waterberry-affected berries.
- Cost Savings: By reducing waste and extending shelf life, Aloecoat lowers losses from unsellable fruit and decreases the frequency of equipment maintenance caused by corrosion or scale buildup in storage systems.
- Market Competitiveness: High-quality, long-lasting grapes enhance California’s reputation in global markets, supporting the industry’s $1.18 billion table grape sector and boosting profitability.
Climate Resilience
Aloecoat helps mitigate climate-related challenges by protecting grapes from heat-induced quality degradation and smoke taint from wildfires. Its antioxidant properties, derived from aloe vera’s phenolic compounds, help preserve grape flavor, color, and aroma, ensuring premium quality despite environmental stressors.

The Future of California’s Grape Industry with Aloecoat

California’s grape industry faces a dynamic landscape of opportunities and challenges. While its favorable climate and diverse production solidify its dominance, post-harvest losses from water loss, gray mold, and shatter, combined with climate pressures, threaten profitability.

Aloecoat offers a cutting-edge solution, leveraging aloe vera’s natural properties to reduce fruit waste, extend shelf life, and enhance sustainability.

By integrating Aloecoat into post-harvest protocols, growers can improve operational efficiency, meet consumer demand for eco-friendly products, and maintain California’s leadership in the global grape market.

At aloegel.biz, we are committed to advancing sustainable agriculture with innovative aloe-based solutions.

Please read our blog for more details on AloeCoat properties and benefits.

Main Benefits of AloeCoat- Post Harvest Solution for Fruits and Vegetables

Advantages of AloeCoat for Fruits and Vegetables to the Fresh Produce Chain

Contact us to learn how Aloecoat can elevate your grape production, reduce waste, and drive profitability in an ever-evolving industry.

For purchase orders, enquiries and quotations please contact with us or write to aloetrade (at) gmail.com

Many thanks!

Advantages of AloeCoat for Fruits and Vegetables

aloecoat extends fresh produce shelf life

Advantages of AloeCoat for Fruits and Vegetables

AloeCoat is a 100% natural, plant based edible coating for use in fruits and vegetables.

AloeCoat is made from purified extracts of aloe compounds, creating a biofilm on fresh produce, reducing respiration and perspiration, protecting from fungi and bacteria and thus extending shelf life of the products.

While it is true that AloeCoat offers a definitive solution to the great problem of food waste, it actually offers different solutions to each participant in the fruit and vegetable chain.

AloeCoat offers different advantages and benefits to producers, packaging, brokers, distributors, importers and consumers as a whole. Below we explain the main advantages of the product and to the different actors in the fresh produce chain.

1. Advantages of Our Edible Coating for Fruits and Vegetables Compared to Traditional Waxes

Strictly speaking, our product has an indirect competition with waxes, since vegetable, animal or mineral based waxes only provide preservation or polishing functions, but do not offer antibacterial or anti fungal functions.

Within this category, vegetable waxes are the most accepted in the market, since animal waxes are expensive (beeswax for example), and mineral waxes, as they come from petroleum, have a bleak future, since consumers tend to demand healthier products every day and therefore, they demand the elimination of waxes and food coatings from petroleum based materials, as it is the case with paraffin based waxes.

However, our AloeCoat edible coating is a green and sustainable option, not compared to conventional waxes, since it offers more benefits and advantages not only to the fruit or vegetable but to the food chain too (including commercial and logistic phases), as explained below.

When compared to waxes, our technological solutions contributes to climate change efforts. AloeCoat minimizes food waste and food loss, improving food safety and quality, thus saving a high volume of GHG emissions.

2. Advantages of our Edible Coating for Fruits and Vegetables compared to controlled atmosphere bags

Our technological solutions has also indirect competition with controlled atmosphere bags. This product only offer shelf life extension to fruits and vegetables, but do not offer anti fungal or antibacterial functions like our aloe-based solution.

The plastic bags offers protection in the complete packing, i.e. to the overall set of fruits that are packed inside the bag, but does not offer individual protection to each product.

The problem is, when an individual fruit is contaminated with fungus, the result is that a large percentage of the fruit packed in a controlled atmosphere bag is immediately contaminated.

By opposition, our products do not allow such fungal contamination. AloeCoat offers a shelf life extension, an antibacterial and anti fungal function, but those advantages are granted to each fruit or vegetable individually, since the coating cover each fruit and vegetable in particular, while the bag offers general protection, that is, the set of fruits and vegetables inside a box.

Besides it, the bag still is a plastic, and there is another problem for its disposal, causing concerns and damage to environment. AloeCoat is green and sustainable, environmentally friendly, having positive impact on the environment.

This allow AloeCoat to be at the forefront compared to other products in terms of advantages and benefits for the preservation of fruit and vegetables.

That is why we say that AloeCoat has no specific direct competition.

There is a long list of advantages of our Aloe based coating. In the conservation of vegetables and fruits, our products prolong the shelf life of the treated products, which allows increasing profitability, while reducing the cost for fruit and vegetable packaging companies, since they combine the function of wax with the added value of bactericidal, antiseptic and anti fungal properties.

3. Economic Advantages of using AloeCoat

Our product offers various advantages and benefits to all participants in the food chain. In general, there is a tendency to think that the advantages in the use of our product reach the agricultural growers or the fruit and vegetable packing companies.

This is correct, but these benefits also reach the other participants in the value chain, reaching the final consumer.

In other words, the benefit of using our AloeCoat for the protection of fruits and vegetables goes from the producer to the final consumer. From farm to the fork.

Very few products can account for such a wide range of benefits, and above all, that these benefits reach all the participants in an industry, reaching the consumer until the end user. This happen with AloeCoat.

Advantages for Fruit and Vegetable Producers

AloeCoat extends the life of the product, so there are fewer rejects and returns, and the producer receives increased sales revenue and income.
The use of AloeCoat allows the producer to reduce the cost to purchase bactericides, antiseptic and anti fungal products, since our coating provides antibacterial, antiseptic and anti fungal functions.

Advantages for Fruit and Vegetable Packing Companies

Lower associated cost, higher sales revenue, therefore higher profitability for the business.
AloeCoat allows products to be better preserved when they have long transportation journeys by truck, rail, ship or plane, meaning fewer losses and higher sales revenue and income.

Advantages for Brokers, Distributors and Importers of Fruits and Vegetables

AloeCoat extends the life of the product, which means fewer rejections and returns, and the broker has a greater margin for selling more products.
The use of our coating allows the broker to have less product loss due to contamination or fungal attacks, a situation that can occur frequently and that affects an important part of the shipments, reducing their final volume for sale.
With AloeCoat, the broker, distributor or importer has a greater opportunity to sell shipments and full loads, generating higher sales revenue.

Advantages for Fruit and Vegetable Retailers – Hypermarkets, Supermarkets, Stores and Retail Markets

AloeCoat extends the life of the product, which means fewer rejections and returns.
The retailer has lower administrative and logistical costs involved in the merchandise return process, and it has more opportunity to sell all the product received, generating higher sales.
The use of our coating allows the retailer to receive the merchandise in good condition, without damage from bacteria or fungi.
The retailer can keep their product fresh and in good condition.
The retailer has no complaints about the use of polluting products such as mineral waxes.
The retailer has no disposal costs for controlled atmosphere bags. The bags are made with polyethylene that comes from petroleum, and must be confined, which generates a cost for the retailer. With AloeCoat, retailers do not have such disposal costs as it happens with the controlled atmosphere bag.
AloeCoat is biodegradable in a matter of minutes. On the contrary, Xtend type controlled atmosphere bags are degradable in a period close to 400 years!!!
With the use of AloeCoat, the retailer can show an environmental friendly approach before society and related communities, which adds value to its company. This situation does not happen with conventional coating products.

Advantages for Fruit and Vegetable Consumers

AloeCoat extends the life of the product, so there is less risk that a decrease in supply will raise the price of the product and harms the consumer.
The use of our coating does not increase the price of the product, so the consumer receives benefits without paying a higher price for it.
AloeCoat is a natural product, green and sustainable option, which is highly and widely valued by consumers.
AloeCoat is manufactured with renewable resources, generates a positive environmental impact, is a totally sustainable product, friendly to the environment, and manufactured under the process of a socially responsible company, which gives a higher value to consumer satisfaction.

Main Benefits of AloeCoat- Post Harvest Solution for Fruits and Vegetables

Aloecoat main benefits

by Daniel Avaro, CEO, Aloetrade America LLC

Main Benefits of AloeCoat- Post Harvest Solution for Fruits and Vegetables

AloeCoat is an edible coating whose main objective is to keep food safety and preserve fresh produce. AloeCoat provides additional benefits and advantages compared to conventional waxes, additives or synthetic preservatives used in the industry.

The main constituents of aloe provide many beneficial effects to fruits and vegetables.

AloeCoat main benefits and properties are the following:

Shelf Life Extension

AloeCoat acts on fresh produce by creating a bio film on each fruit or vegetable, while the aging process of a product is delayed. This gives longer product shelf life, with the consequent economic advantages that means for the supermarket. More time to sell the produce, reducing losses and increasing revenues.

Anti bacterial function

AloeCoat offers a wide bactericidal function, since aloe main constituents possess antibacterial action, thus avoiding the proliferation of bacteria that degrade fruits and vegetables.

The bacteria that attacks fruits and vegetables is inhibited quickly when AloeCoat is used. The combined saponin, lignin, salicylic acid, cinnamic acid and chrysophanic acid present in the aloe creates antibacterial effects of immediate action. Cytotoxic characteristics of aloe respond quickly releasing unwanted bacteria.

Aloe is effective against bacteria such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Salmonella paratyphi, Streptococcus agalactiae, Klebsiella pneumonae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Serratia marcescens, Enterobacter cloacae, among others (Benigni, 1950; Bruce, 1967; Golding et al., 1963; Lehr et al., 1991; Zawacki, 1974). In short, AloeCoat reduces the growth of bacterial species.

Anti fungal function

AloeCoat also has anti fungal action in fruits and vegetables. Such property is carried out mostly by acemannan and other two constituents contained in aloe, cinnamic acid and chrysophanic acid.

The cinnamic acid produces a germicidal action against fungi that attack fruits and vegetables. The anti fungal activity of aloe is well documented, including its effectiveness against pathogens such as Penicillium digitatum, P. expansum, Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria alternate.

Antiseptic function

AloeCoat contains various antiseptic agents, namely the lupeol, salicylic acid, urea, cinnamic acid and phenols. They all have inhibitory action on fungi, bacteria and viruses. However, there are three relevant antiseptics elements present in aloe, and they are saponins, cinnamic acid, and salicylic acid.

Saponins are glycosides and are very particular. The saponins present in AloeCoat have purifying, antiseptic and antimicrobial actions that are not destructive to the surrounding cell tissues. Meanwhile, cinnamic acid, an organic acid is excellent antiseptic and germicidal activity, as well as the salycilic acid.

Moisturizing properties

One of the main problems of fruits and vegetables is that water loss by transpiration eventually leads to the wilting of the product. Therefore, the product is dehydrated, turns white and withers. This is so because the water deficit affects the turgidity of plant tissues.

Mucopolysaccharides contained into AloeCoat , help keep moisture in the skin of fruitsand vegetables. The aminoacids present in AloeCoat also contribute to this process.

AloeCoat reduces moisture loss since their higroscopic properties allow create a barrier between the plant and the surrounding environment.

Easy adherence to fruit and vegetables

AloeCoat is a mucilaginous based edible coating made with aloe polysaccharides and aloe certain compounds from inside the aloe leaf. Those polysaccharides are natural polymers that also offer high viscosity, all of which provides gelling features that allows easy adherence to the skin of fruits and vegetables.

Respiration rate reduction

AloeCoat significantly reduces the respiration rate of fruits and vegetables that are treated with the product. The decline in production and lower CO2 respiration rate translates into longer life of the product. Aloe compounds are used in different ways for each formulation, since fruits or vegetables have different respiration rates, and the objective is extend shelf life without altering flavor, odor or color of the fresh produce. Thus, AloeCoat for mango is a different formula than AloeCoat for papaya, for instance.

Gives Firmness to Fruit and Vegetables

Treatment with AloeCoat, significantly reduces loss of firmness during cold storage and shelves at average temperatures of 20°C, depending on fresh produce and environmental conditions.

Improves healing of small wounds or cuts on the skin

Treatment with AloeCoat, improves the healing and regeneration of small wounds made to the fruit or vegetable at packing process, avoiding ultimate leakage and preventing bacterial or fungal attack.

No Changes in Color, Flavor or Smell

AloeCoat does not modify color, flavor or smell in any fruits or vegetables where is used.

Food Safety

AloeCoat is a new tool to enhance food safety in fresh produce. Such functions are performed in two ways:

Improves shine to the product

AloeCoat improves shine to every fruit or vegetable.

Keep product in good conditions for long transport journeys

Thanks to above benefits and properties, AloeCoat maintains fresh produce in good conditions when long journeys are required to reach foreign markets.

Reduces Food Waste

Application of AloeCoat implies more fruit or vegetable in good condition, which in turn means less and reduced food waste for the planet.

Improves quality and marketability of fresh produce

Application of AloeCoat means better quality fresh produce and higher acceptance by the markets and final consumers.

Key Applications of Aloe Vera in Cosmetics and Personal Care

aloe products for cosmetic and personal care industry

Aloe vera is a highly versatile and valued product in the cosmetics and personal care industry. Here we present the main uses and applications of aloe vera—in its various forms and presentations—for the cosmetics and personal care industry.

Skin Hydration: Aloe vera’s high water content and polysaccharides make it a key ingredient in moisturizers, gels, and lotions to lock in moisture and improve skin barrier function.
Soothing and Calming: Widely used in products for sensitive or irritated skin, such as after-shave lotions, baby products, and eczema creams, due to its anti-inflammatory properties.
Hair and Scalp Care: Found in shampoos, conditioners, and scalp treatments to hydrate, reduce dandruff, and promote healthy hair growth.
Sun Care: Essential in sunscreens and after-sun products to soothe sunburn, reduce inflammation, and aid skin repair.
Cleansing Products: Used in facial cleansers, body washes, and micellar waters for gentle cleansing without stripping natural oils.
Anti-Aging and Skin Repair: Incorporated into serums, creams, and masks to promote collagen production, reduce wrinkles, and enhance skin elasticity.

We are suppliers of aloe vera gel, aloe vera juice and aloe vera powders.

For more information on our aloe vera products for cosmetic industry please visit our specific pages for aloe vera and cosmetic industry.

Aloe Products for Cosmetic and Personal Care Industries

Contact with us for any requirement.

The Role of Aloe Latex in Bitters and Amaros

CONCENTRATED ALOE SAP

The Role of Aloe Latex in Bitters and Amaros

Aloe latex (yellow sap) has historically been used in bitter liqueurs digestive bitters, and other traditional herbal spirits, like some typical Italian amaro bitters. Its strong bitter and purgative properties made it a key ingredient in old-world medicinal tonics, though its use today is more restricted due to safety regulations.

1. Why Was Aloe Latex Used in Bitters?

Bitter Flavor Profile: Aloe latex contributes a sharp, intensely bitter taste, balancing sweetness in amaros.
Digestive Aid: Its aloin content was believed to stimulate digestion and bile flow (similar to gentian, wormwood, or cinchona bark).
Historical Medicinal Use: Many classic bitters (e.g., Fernet) originated as stomach remedies before becoming popular as aperitifs/digestifs.

Examples of bitters or alcoholic beverages that uses aloe gum includes Fernet Branca (Italian amaro) (it included aloe in its original 19th-century recipe) and Swedish Bitters, traditional european herbal tonic containing aloe.

2. How Was Aloe Latex Processed for Bitters?

Since aloin is potentially toxic in high doses, historical producers used careful methods:

A. Maceration & Extraction

Dried Aloe Latex was ground into a powder or soaked in high-proof alcohol (e.g., grain spirit or neutral alcohol).
Combined with Other Botanicals (e.g., myrrh, rhubarb, saffron, citrus peel) to balance flavor and dilute potency.

B. Filtration & Aging

The mixture was filtered to remove solids.
Often aged in barrels (softening harsh flavors).

C. Dilution & Sweetening

Blended with caramelized sugar/honey to mask bitterness.
Reduced to bottling strength (~16-40% ABV).

3. Modern Regulations & Current Use

FDA & EU Restrictions: Banned in U.S. food/drinks (since 2018) due to aloin’s laxative risks. Allowed in tiny amounts (if properly detoxified) in some countries.

If you need more information or a quotation of our concentrated aloe yellow sap (aloe gum) as ingredient for amaro or bitter production, please contact us.

Extraction and Processing of Aloe Yellow Sap into Concentrated Paste

Aloe yellow sap (latex) contains aloin and other anthraquinones, which are used in pharmaceuticals, research, and some industrial applications. Below is a detailed breakdown of how aloe latex is extracted and processed into a concentrated paste.

1. Extraction of Aloe Latex

A. Harvesting and Preparation

Mature Aloe Leaves are selected (typically 3-5 years old for higher latex content).
The leaves are washed to remove dirt and debris. When the job is directly done at the aloe plantations, the cut aloe plants are placed in a gutter-type mold and there they begin to exude their sap.
When this job is done at the factory, the green rind is carefully sliced open to expose the inner leaf structure.

B. Collection of Yellow Sap (Latex)

The yellowish-brown latex oozes out from the pericyclic tubules (located just beneath the rind).
Methods to collect latex:
Manual Scraping: The sap is scraped off with a knife or blade.
Drip Collection: Leaves are hung vertically to let the latex drain into containers.
Pressing: Some industrial methods use mechanical pressing to extract more latex.

aloe yellow sap harvest - aloe latex harvest - aloe gum harvest

2. Processing into Concentrated Paste

A. Filtration & Purification

The raw latex is filtered to remove plant debris and impurities.
Activated charcoal or clay filtration may be used to remove excess pigments.

B. Concentration (Evaporation & Drying)

Low-Heat Evaporation

The liquid latex is gently heated (≤60°C / 140°F) to evaporate water, increasing concentration.
This prevents degradation of active compounds like aloin.

Spray Drying (Industrial Method)

The latex is spray-dried into a fine powder, which can later be reconstituted into paste.

Freeze Drying (For High-Purity Extracts)

Used in pharmaceutical-grade processing to preserve potency.

C. Final Paste Formation

The concentrated liquid is further thickened into a paste using:
Natural evaporation (sun drying in controlled conditions).
Addition of stabilizers (e.g., glycerin) for commercial products.

3. Industrial Refinement (Optional)

Decolorization: If a lighter-colored paste is needed, additional filtration with activated carbon is used.
Standardization: The aloin content is measured and adjusted for consistency (important for pharmaceutical use).

4. Uses of Concentrated Aloe Latex Paste

Industry	Application	Notes
Pharmaceutical	Laxative formulations (regulated)	Requires strict purity controls
Cosmetic	Exfoliating agents, antifungal treatments	Used in minimal amounts
Agriculture	Natural pesticide, livestock digestion aid	Must be diluted properly
Bitter Beverages	As a bitter agent	Paste or concentrate used

Main uses

5. Safety & Regulatory Considerations

Within FDA Regulations, aloin is banned in oral supplements in the U.S. (2018 FDA ruling), but allowed in topical cosmetics but restricted in concentration. Usually the limit is 10 PPM.

In the particular case of the European Union, the EU has established a maximum level of 1 ppm (part per million) for certain hydroxyanthracene derivatives (HADs), including aloe-emodin, emodin, and the sum of aloin A and aloin B, in aloe vera preparations used in food and food supplements. This regulation, specifically Regulation (EU) 2021/468, aimed to ensure food safety by limiting the presence of these potentially harmful substances.

These HADs are naturally occurring compounds found in aloe vera, particularly in the outer layers of the leaf. This Regulation (EU) 2021/468, which came into effect on April 8, 2021, prohibited the use of aloe preparations containing HADs in food and food supplements. The regulation mentioned that some HADs, like aloe-emodin and aloin, have been associated with potential health risks, including laxative effects and potential carcinogenic properties.

For the purpose of implementing the prohibition, the EU considered aloe preparations to “contain” HADs when the total aloin (A + B) present is > 1 ppm. This is also the lowest level that can be reliably quantified in laboratories.

However, the Regulation (EU) 2021/468, which restricted certain plant-based food and food supplements containing hydroxyanthracene derivatives (HADs), has been partially annulled by the European Court of Justice (ECJ).

The ECJ’s decision, specifically in case T-274/21, invalidated key sections of the regulation, impacting restrictions on aloe-emodin, emodin, and preparations from Aloe species leaves containing HADs.

The ECJ found that the European Commission’s interpretation of Article 8 of Regulation No 1925/2006, which was the basis for the restrictions, was inappropriate when applied to herbal “preparations”.

In essence, while the regulation (EU) 2021/468 set a 1 ppm limit for aloin in aloe preparations, that regulation has been annulled by the European Court of Justice, and those restrictions are no longer in place.

Conclusion

Aloe latex is extracted by collecting the yellow sap from the leaf’s outer layers, then processed into a concentrated paste through filtration, evaporation, and drying.

For more information please visit the concentrated aloe yellow sap specific page.

Aloe Vera INCI Names and Aloe Vera CAS Numbers

aloe vera

Aloe Vera INCI Names and Aloe Vera CAS Numbers

There is often misinformation regarding the way aloe vera products are defined. However, there are two very simple methods for conceptually defining a product.

In one case, the cosmetics industry has a catalog of product names used as ingredients in the cosmetics industry. We refer to INCI names (International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients). These are systematic names internationally recognized to identify cosmetic ingredients.

In the second case, we have CAS numbers. A CAS number, also known as a CAS Registry Number (CAS RN), is a unique numerical identifier assigned to a specific chemical substance or molecular structure. It serves as a global standard for identifying chemicals, ensuring clarity and precision in scientific and regulatory contexts.

Below is a description of the INCI names and CAS numbers applicable to aloe vera products.

Aloe Vera INCI Names

The INCI name for Aloe Vera is Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice or Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Extract. Sometimes, it can also be listed as simply Aloe Barbadensis. The plant’s full botanical name is Aloe Barbadensis Miller.

The INCI name for aloe vera extract is Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Extract. This name is used to identify the ingredient in cosmetic and personal care product formulations.

The INCI name for aloe gel, including aloe vera gel, is Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice. This is the standardized name used in cosmetic and personal care product ingredient lists to identify the gel derived from the leaves of the Aloe Barbadensis Miller plant.

The INCI name for aloe vera juice is Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Juice. This name is used to identify the ingredient in cosmetic and personal care products. It refers to the liquid extract obtained from the inner gel of the aloe vera leaf.

The INCI name for Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Extract is Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Extract. This is the standard name used in cosmetic and personal care product ingredient lists to identify the extract derived from the leaves of the Aloe barbadensis plant.

The INCI name for Aloe Vera Oil is Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Extract. This is the internationally recognized name for the ingredient as used in cosmetic and personal care products. In some cases, depending on the extraction process and the solvents used, the INCI declaration may also include the solvent and the extracted proportion. It may also be listed as part of a larger INCI name, such as in combination with a carrier oil like Jojoba Seed Oil or Soybean Oil.

Key points about INCI names:

Standardization: INCI names provide a uniform way to identify cosmetic ingredients, regardless of the language or country.
Transparency: They allow consumers, manufacturers, and regulators to easily understand the ingredients in a product.
Labeling: INCI names are used on product labels to comply with regulations in many countries.
Not a guarantee of safety: While INCI names are crucial for labeling and identification, they do not guarantee the safety or suitability of an ingredient for use in cosmetics.

CAS Numbers for Aloe Vera

The CAS number for Aloe Vera juice, specifically referring to the extract from the leaves, is 85507-69-3. This number identifies the substance in chemical databases and is used for regulatory and scientific purposes.

CAS number 85507-69-3 it’s a UVCB (Unknown or Variable composition, Complex reaction products, or Biological materials) substance, meaning it doesn’t have a single molecular formula. This extract, derived from the Aloe vera plant, is known for its diverse applications in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and dietary supplements.

While some sources may list other related CAS numbers, such as 94349-62-9, 85507-69-3 is the most commonly associated and used CAS number for Aloe Vera extract, including the juice. This number specifically refers to “Extractives and their physically modified derivatives such as tinctures, concretes, absolutes, essential oils, oleoresins, terpenes, terpene-free fractions, distillates, residues, etc., obtained from Aloe vera, Liliaceae”.

Instead, the CAS number 94349-62-9 refers to Aloe Barbadensis Flower Extract, an extract of the flowers of the Aloe barbadensis plant, also known as Aloe vera. This CAS number is often associated with the INCI name ALOE BARBADENSIS FLOWER EXTRACT. It is commonly used in cosmetic and personal care products.

The CAS number for Aloe Vera gel is 8001-97-6. This number is used to identify the specific chemical or substance in scientific and industrial contexts. CAS number 8001-97-6 refers to Aloe Barbadensis Leaf, commonly known as aloe vera. It is a plant material derived from the leaves of the aloe plant.

More specifically, CAS 8001-97-6 is used to identify various aloe vera products, including: Aloe Vera Gel, Aloe Vera Leaf Extract, Aloe Vera Powder, and Aloe Extract (Aloe spp.).

Other CAS numbers, such as 85507-69-3 and 714950-07-9, may also be associated with Aloe Vera, potentially referring to different forms or preparations of the gel.

The CAS number 714950-07-9 refers to Aloe Vera Gel. It is the mucilage obtained from Aloe Vera leaves. Other names or synonyms include “ALOE VERA GEL”.

The CAS number for Aloe vera, specifically referring to Aloe vera extract, is 85507-69-3. This number is used to identify the substance in scientific and industrial contexts.

The CAS numbers for Aloe Barbadensis Leaf Extract are 85507-69-3 and 94349-62-9. This ingredient is commonly known as Aloe Vera leaf extract. It is widely used in cosmetics and skincare products due to its beneficial properties like antioxidant and moisturizing effects.

The CAS number for Aloe Vera extract is 85507-69-3. This number identifies the specific substance in chemical databases and is used for regulatory and identification purposes.

The CAS number for Aloe Vera oil is 100084-89-7. This number is used to uniquely identify the substance in chemical databases and is often used in research and product information. It is also known as Aloe capensis oil. This natural oil is extracted from the Aloe vera plant and is used for its potential cosmetic and medicinal properties.

The yellow sap of the aloe plant is known as aloin or aloe latex, and it is a component of the aloe extract. The CAS Number for aloin is 1415-73-2, while the CAS Number for the general aloe barbadensis extract, which includes the leaf juice and sometimes the latex, is 85507-69-3.

Here are some comments to help you better understand how CAS numbers work.

Purpose:CAS numbers eliminate ambiguity when identifying chemical substances, as many compounds have multiple names or synonyms.
Structure:They are typically a series of up to ten digits, divided by hyphens into three parts.
Assignment:The Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS), a division of the American Chemical Society, assigns these unique identifiers.
Global Use:CAS numbers are used internationally by scientists, regulators, and industry professionals to identify, track, and manage chemicals.
Database Indexing:CAS numbers are used to index chemical substances within the CAS Registry, a comprehensive database of chemical information.
No Chemical Significance:While they identify substances, CAS numbers themselves don’t contain any chemical information about the substance.
Importance:They are crucial for regulatory compliance, safety, and accurate communication about chemical substances.

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Aloe Constituents

aloe constituents

Aloe Constituents

Amino Acids

Aloe provides 20 of the 22 human required amino acids and 7 of the 8 essential ones. The amino acids provides the basic building blocks of proteins in the production of muscle tissue etc, and the human body cannot manufacture them.

Anthraquinones

Aloe provides 12 anthraquinones: Aloe emodin, Aloetic Acid, Aloin, Anthracine, Antranol, Barbaloin, Chrysophanic Acid, Emodin, Ethereal Oil, Ester of Cinnamonic Acid, Isobarbaloin, Resistannol.

In relatively small concentrations together with the Gel fraction they provide Analgesic, Antibacterial, Antifungal and Antiviral activity. In high concentration on their own they can be toxic. Are also known as aloe bitter, aloe bitter sap, aloe gum, or aloe laxatives.

The antraquinones are found in the sap. The anthraquinone derivatives (anthrones and chromones) comprise the phenolic fraction of the sap. The primary sap component is Aloin/Barbaloin anthrone derivative.

Enzymes

Aloe provides 8 enzymes: Aliiase, Alkaline Phosphatase, Amylase, Carboxypeptidase, Catalase, Cellulase, Lipase, Peroxidase. The enzymes help breakdown of food sugars and fats aiding digestion and enhancing nutrient absorbtion.

Hormones

Auxins and Gibberellins. Wound Healing and Anti-inflammatory.

Lignin

It is a cellulose based substance.Thought to provide penetrating power in Aloe vera skin preparations and may act as a carrier for other components

Minerals

Aloe provides 9 minerals: Calcium, Chromium, Copper, Iron, Magnesium, Manganese, Potassium, Sodium, Zinc Minerals are essential for good health and is known to work in certain combination with each other, vitamins and other trace elements

Salicylic Acid

Aspirin like compound. It is an analgesic.

Saponins

They are glycosides. Saponins are a soapy substance both cleansing and antiseptic.

Sterols

Aloe provides 4 main plant steroids: Cholesterol, Campesterol, Lupeol, ß Sitosterol. Are anti-inflammatory agents. Lupeol also possesses antiseptic and analgesic properties.

Sugars

Monosaccharides: glucose and fructose.

Polysaccarides: gluco-mannans / polymannose.

They have anti-inflammatory action. Acemannan is an anti-viral, and generates immune modulating activity. The long chain gluco-mannans are absorbed intact by the pinocytotic process of certain cells lining the digestive tract.

Vitamins

A, C, E, B, Choline, B12, Folic Acid

They are antioxidant (A,C,E): neutralises free radicals. B’s and Choline involved in amino acid metabolism, B12 required for production of red blood cells, Folic Acid in the development of blood cells.